HISTORICAL BACKTEST · KO DAILY
What this backtest found
1986-09-26 to 2026-10-01 · $10,000,000.00 USD starting capital · costs as specified below
The strategy returned -100% over the full test period, compared with 395.28% for buy and hold. It underperformed that benchmark on total return. Its largest decline from a previous equity high was 100%.
CAGR is the equivalent compounded yearly return across these dates, not the return earned in every year. Drawdown measures the largest fall from a previous daily equity high. Ending equity includes any open position marked to the final close.
How this strategy works
KO is tested on daily bars with one long position at a time. Entry conditions are combined using OR: at least one condition must match. A close signal executes at the next session’s open.
- Entry: volume crosses above 5-session average volume.
Volume: the engine compares the supplied daily volume with the number or average specified in the rules. Average volume includes the current completed session. A volume condition filters signals; it does not model liquidity, spread, or order-fill capacity.
5% trailing stop: starts at the entry open and follows the highest daily close reached while invested. The updated level becomes active the next session. The line is not tightened using the same day’s high or low. Gaps can execute beyond the level; it is not a guaranteed maximum loss.
50% profit target: measured from the raw entry open, before execution slippage and fees. Opening gaps fill at open; otherwise daily high/low touches determine fills. A stop takes priority when both stop and target touch in one daily bar.
20% fixed stop: measured from the raw entry open, before execution slippage and fees. Opening gaps fill at open; otherwise daily high/low touches determine fills. A stop takes priority when both stop and target touch in one daily bar.
Strategy versus buy and hold
Both curves start with $10,000,000.00 USD and use the same historical dates. Buy and hold returned 395.28% (4.08% annualized), with 57.85% maximum drawdown.
● Strategy ● Buy and hold
Drawdowns over time
● Strategy ● Buy and hold
Annual performance
| Year | Strategy | Buy and hold | Closed trades | Worst ongoing drawdown |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 (partial) | -7.38% | 8.84% | 3 | 17.27% |
| 1987 | -51.77% | 1.01% | 16 | 62.16% |
| 1988 | -30.02% | 17.05% | 10 | 74.46% |
| 1989 | 2.09% | 73.09% | 9 | 73.57% |
| 1990 | -79.62% | -39.81% | 16 | 94.27% |
| 1991 | 5.34% | 72.58% | 8 | 94.85% |
| 1992 | -64.03% | -47.81% | 10 | 98.02% |
| 1993 | -25.97% | 6.57% | 9 | 98.55% |
| 1994 | -16.2% | 15.39% | 7 | 98.93% |
| 1995 | 17.7% | 44.17% | 5 | 98.74% |
| 1996 | -59.42% | -29.12% | 10 | 99.41% |
| 1997 | -23.22% | 26.71% | 12 | 99.54% |
| 1998 | -58.9% | 0.46% | 20 | 99.8% |
| 1999 | -50.09% | -13.06% | 18 | 99.91% |
| 2000 | -64.76% | 4.62% | 26 | 99.96% |
| 2001 | -51.84% | -22.63% | 14 | 99.98% |
| 2002 | -34.45% | -7.02% | 11 | 99.99% |
| 2003 | -13.56% | 15.76% | 8 | 99.99% |
| 2004 | -34.63% | -17.93% | 8 | 99.99% |
| 2005 | -21.04% | -3.17% | 5 | 99.99% |
| 2006 | 13.64% | 19.51% | 1 | 100% |
| 2007 | 13.33% | 27.16% | 2 | 99.99% |
| 2008 | -69.89% | -26.14% | 21 | 100% |
| 2009 | -32.1% | 25.91% | 10 | 100% |
| 2010 | -10.09% | 15.39% | 6 | 100% |
| 2011 | -25.49% | 6.39% | 7 | 100% |
| 2012 | -18.04% | 3.62% | 5 | 100% |
| 2013 | -6.99% | 13.96% | 5 | 100% |
| 2014 | -23.63% | 2.2% | 7 | 100% |
| 2015 | -11.91% | 1.75% | 4 | 100% |
| 2016 | -29.02% | -3.49% | 6 | 100% |
| 2017 | 1.55% | 10.66% | 2 | 100% |
| 2018 | -17.92% | 3.2% | 6 | 100% |
| 2019 | -0.59% | 16.9% | 4 | 100% |
| 2020 | -41.57% | -0.92% | 13 | 100% |
| 2021 | 3.55% | 7.97% | 3 | 100% |
| 2022 | -24.81% | 7.43% | 8 | 100% |
| 2023 | -19.39% | -7.36% | 5 | 100% |
| 2024 | -9.34% | 5.65% | 4 | 100% |
| 2025 | -21.09% | 12.29% | 7 | 100% |
| 2026 (partial) | -2.89% | 22.86% | 4 | 100% |
Annual returns use the previous year’s final equity, or initial capital for the first year. Ongoing drawdown retains the previous all-time peak, including peaks in earlier years.
Execution risk observed in this test
A 20% stop did not cap every loss: the trade exiting on 1992-05-12 lost 50.45% after opening beyond the stop. Daily gaps can bypass the intended exit level.
What these results mean
The strategy’s -29.65% annualized return was 33.73 percentage points below the long buy-and-hold benchmark’s 4.08%. It did not reduce the largest daily peak-to-trough decline versus the benchmark. It held a position during 89.14% of sessions; cash earned no interest in this simulation.
Across 355 closed trades, 24.8% were profitable. The average winner was 5.96% and the average loser was -6.68%. Profit factor was 0.3: $0.3 of positive closed-trade P&L for each $1 of losses. The longest losing run was 13 trades. Win rate alone does not capture the size of wins and losses.
The weakest displayed calendar period was 1990 at -79.62%. First and last years may be partial. A full-period average can hide substantial variation.
The longest observed drawdown lasted 14449 calendar days, with 9964 underwater sessions, from 1987-03-11 to 2026-10-01. It was still unrecovered at the end of the test; its eventual duration is unknown.
Best closed trade: 25.33% · 1999-10-15 to 1999-12-06, exiting because of fixed / trailing stop.
Worst closed trade: -50.45% · 1992-04-16 to 1992-05-12, exiting because of gap below stop.
Fees and slippage are 1% and 1% per side. This report contains no out-of-sample validation or parameter robustness study, so it does not establish that these rules generalize.
Price, trades and active exit levels
● Daily close ● Profit target (50%) ● Fixed stop (20%) ● Trailing stop (5%)
Volume and average volume
● volume ● 5-session average volume
Price circles show executed entries and exits; select a circle to open its trade. Triangles mark individual crossover conditions, not executed orders: other conditions and the existing position can prevent execution. Dashed exit levels apply only while a position is held. All charts share the same date range. Zoom in/out, select a year, or pan on any chart to update them together.
Trade history
Show 355 closed trades
| Entry | Exit | Entry $ | Exit $ | Return | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1986-10-06 | 1986-10-20 | 17.93 | 18.34 | 0.27% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1986-10-24 | 1986-11-18 | 19.00 | 17.57 | -9.36% | Gap below stop |
| 1986-11-19 | 1986-12-31 | 17.87 | 18.57 | 1.9% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1987-01-06 | 1987-03-16 | 19.70 | 22.83 | 13.64% | Gap below stop |
| 1987-03-19 | 1987-03-27 | 23.93 | 22.52 | -7.76% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1987-03-30 | 1987-04-14 | 22.35 | 21.10 | -7.44% | Gap below stop |
| 1987-04-23 | 1987-04-27 | 21.78 | 20.28 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1987-04-28 | 1987-05-07 | 21.08 | 20.36 | -5.35% | Gap below stop |
| 1987-05-18 | 1987-07-01 | 20.01 | 21.69 | 6.25% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1987-07-07 | 1987-09-08 | 21.97 | 24.38 | 8.78% | Gap below stop |
| 1987-09-09 | 1987-09-16 | 24.87 | 23.51 | -7.34% | Gap below stop |
| 1987-09-17 | 1987-10-06 | 24.18 | 23.14 | -6.19% | Gap below stop |
| 1987-10-15 | 1987-10-16 | 21.97 | 20.05 | -10.55% | Gap below stop |
| 1987-10-29 | 1987-10-29 | 21.21 | 19.75 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1987-11-02 | 1987-11-03 | 20.90 | 19.46 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1987-11-06 | 1987-11-09 | 20.07 | 18.69 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1987-11-13 | 1987-11-20 | 19.51 | 18.40 | -7.54% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1987-11-23 | 1987-11-30 | 19.70 | 18.32 | -8.85% | Gap below stop |
| 1987-12-01 | 1987-12-28 | 18.69 | 19.11 | 0.23% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1987-12-29 | 1988-01-08 | 18.94 | 18.07 | -6.48% | Gap below stop |
| 1988-01-11 | 1988-01-20 | 19.38 | 18.32 | -7.38% | Gap below stop |
| 1988-01-26 | 1988-02-04 | 18.69 | 17.70 | -7.17% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1988-02-11 | 1988-03-28 | 18.56 | 18.81 | -0.65% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1988-03-31 | 1988-04-14 | 19.32 | 18.69 | -5.18% | Gap below stop |
| 1988-04-22 | 1988-05-06 | 19.13 | 18.26 | -6.46% | Gap below stop |
| 1988-05-18 | 1988-06-27 | 17.93 | 18.44 | 0.82% | Gap below stop |
| 1988-06-28 | 1988-07-06 | 19.26 | 18.34 | -6.64% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1988-07-13 | 1988-10-19 | 18.69 | 20.75 | 8.86% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1988-10-26 | 1988-11-11 | 22.09 | 20.61 | -8.58% | Gap below stop |
| 1988-11-14 | 1989-02-24 | 21.02 | 23.02 | 7.32% | Gap below stop |
| 1989-03-01 | 1989-04-13 | 24.24 | 25.06 | 1.34% | Gap below stop |
| 1989-04-14 | 1989-05-30 | 26.26 | 28.10 | 4.88% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1989-05-31 | 1989-06-12 | 29.16 | 27.92 | -6.15% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1989-06-19 | 1989-06-30 | 28.47 | 27.91 | -3.92% | Gap below stop |
| 1989-07-03 | 1989-08-11 | 28.66 | 31.98 | 9.37% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1989-08-14 | 1989-09-06 | 33.02 | 32.04 | -4.89% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1989-09-11 | 1989-10-13 | 31.82 | 32.05 | -1.25% | Gap below stop |
| 1989-10-23 | 1989-12-20 | 36.43 | 37.74 | 1.55% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1990-01-02 | 1990-01-12 | 39.39 | 36.45 | -9.3% | Gap below stop |
| 1990-01-15 | 1990-01-24 | 36.55 | 34.33 | -7.94% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1990-01-25 | 1990-01-30 | 34.72 | 32.33 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1990-01-31 | 1990-04-20 | 34.78 | 37.86 | 6.67% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1990-04-30 | 1990-05-14 | 38.51 | 20.79 | -47.08% | Gap below stop |
| 1990-05-21 | 1990-06-08 | 21.97 | 21.87 | -2.43% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1990-06-11 | 1990-06-25 | 22.47 | 21.23 | -7.42% | Gap below stop |
| 1990-07-06 | 1990-07-23 | 22.60 | 22.45 | -2.61% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1990-07-31 | 1990-08-03 | 22.92 | 21.34 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1990-08-16 | 1990-08-21 | 21.78 | 20.28 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1990-08-22 | 1990-08-23 | 19.95 | 18.57 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1990-09-07 | 1990-09-18 | 21.28 | 19.87 | -8.47% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1990-10-01 | 1990-10-10 | 21.02 | 19.92 | -7.11% | Gap below stop |
| 1990-10-19 | 1990-10-29 | 23.10 | 21.51 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1990-10-31 | 1990-11-27 | 22.66 | 21.93 | -5.17% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1990-11-30 | 1990-12-31 | 23.36 | 22.92 | -3.79% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1991-01-03 | 1991-01-09 | 22.22 | 21.22 | -6.38% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1991-01-10 | 1991-04-08 | 22.09 | 26.57 | 17.87% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1991-04-10 | 1991-04-25 | 26.70 | 26.33 | -3.34% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1991-05-01 | 1991-05-15 | 27.40 | 26.33 | -5.78% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1991-05-16 | 1991-06-12 | 27.78 | 26.98 | -4.78% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1991-06-14 | 1991-08-19 | 28.35 | 30.04 | 3.88% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1991-08-22 | 1991-10-11 | 32.76 | 31.19 | -6.71% | Gap below stop |
| 1991-10-17 | 1991-11-15 | 31.75 | 32.16 | -0.74% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1991-11-25 | 1992-01-10 | 34.72 | 39.15 | 10.53% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1992-01-16 | 1992-01-29 | 38.45 | 35.80 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1992-01-30 | 1992-04-09 | 36.87 | 39.21 | 4.25% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1992-04-16 | 1992-05-12 | 42.11 | 21.29 | -50.45% | Gap below stop |
| 1992-05-27 | 1992-06-10 | 22.09 | 21.04 | -6.64% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1992-06-12 | 1992-06-16 | 21.84 | 20.34 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1992-06-30 | 1992-07-14 | 20.39 | 20.28 | -2.51% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1992-07-15 | 1992-09-22 | 20.96 | 21.16 | -1.03% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1992-09-23 | 1992-10-02 | 20.96 | 19.52 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1992-10-08 | 1992-11-30 | 19.00 | 19.69 | 1.58% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1992-12-01 | 1993-01-05 | 20.01 | 20.57 | 0.76% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1993-01-15 | 1993-01-22 | 21.91 | 20.40 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1993-01-25 | 1993-02-09 | 20.77 | 20.22 | -4.58% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1993-02-17 | 1993-03-23 | 20.52 | 20.57 | -1.72% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1993-03-29 | 1993-04-06 | 21.08 | 20.11 | -6.5% | Gap below stop |
| 1993-04-19 | 1993-06-09 | 19.26 | 19.81 | 0.85% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1993-06-16 | 1993-08-06 | 21.15 | 20.99 | -2.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1993-08-09 | 1993-09-21 | 21.53 | 20.93 | -4.72% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1993-09-30 | 1993-11-03 | 21.34 | 20.75 | -4.66% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1993-11-10 | 1994-01-06 | 20.71 | 21.16 | 0.18% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1994-01-17 | 1994-03-11 | 21.28 | 20.05 | -7.64% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1994-03-15 | 1994-04-04 | 20.90 | 19.80 | -7.13% | Gap below stop |
| 1994-04-13 | 1994-05-09 | 20.07 | 19.49 | -4.82% | Gap below stop |
| 1994-05-10 | 1994-05-10 | 20.14 | 18.75 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1994-05-16 | 1994-06-13 | 20.07 | 19.74 | -3.61% | Gap below stop |
| 1994-06-14 | 1994-12-09 | 19.95 | 24.98 | 22.77% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1994-12-12 | 1995-01-05 | 25.19 | 24.81 | -3.47% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1995-01-11 | 1995-05-15 | 24.87 | 28.86 | 13.76% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1995-05-22 | 1995-08-18 | 29.54 | 31.39 | 4.15% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1995-09-01 | 1995-12-19 | 32.32 | 37.68 | 14.28% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1995-12-20 | 1995-12-21 | 39.01 | 36.33 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1995-12-22 | 1996-03-08 | 36.80 | 39.62 | 5.51% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1996-03-18 | 1996-04-10 | 41.28 | 39.91 | -5.23% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1996-04-18 | 1996-05-13 | 40.65 | 20.79 | -49.87% | Gap below stop |
| 1996-05-14 | 1996-07-10 | 22.03 | 23.28 | 3.56% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1996-07-11 | 1996-07-15 | 24.18 | 22.52 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1996-07-16 | 1996-10-01 | 23.04 | 24.98 | 6.28% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1996-10-02 | 1996-10-15 | 25.32 | 23.63 | -8.51% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1996-10-16 | 1996-11-22 | 24.56 | 24.81 | -0.99% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1996-11-27 | 1996-12-05 | 25.88 | 24.10 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1996-12-12 | 1996-12-13 | 24.94 | 23.22 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1996-12-16 | 1997-01-02 | 24.43 | 25.39 | 1.88% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1997-01-15 | 1997-01-24 | 27.90 | 28.04 | -1.49% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1997-01-27 | 1997-03-04 | 28.60 | 29.57 | 1.35% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1997-03-05 | 1997-03-17 | 29.99 | 29.16 | -4.7% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1997-03-24 | 1997-03-27 | 30.30 | 28.22 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1997-04-14 | 1997-06-30 | 27.40 | 33.80 | 20.94% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1997-07-10 | 1997-08-07 | 35.42 | 33.33 | -7.75% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1997-08-28 | 1997-09-11 | 29.48 | 28.16 | -6.38% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1997-09-12 | 1997-10-14 | 28.47 | 30.01 | 3.3% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1997-10-15 | 1997-10-17 | 30.46 | 28.36 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1997-10-24 | 1997-10-24 | 29.80 | 27.74 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1997-11-10 | 1997-12-19 | 28.91 | 31.06 | 5.32% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1997-12-31 | 1998-01-12 | 33.77 | 30.94 | -10.21% | Gap below stop |
| 1998-01-20 | 1998-01-26 | 32.95 | 31.01 | -7.76% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-01-27 | 1998-04-13 | 31.85 | 38.15 | 17.43% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-04-16 | 1998-04-24 | 38.85 | 36.18 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-04-28 | 1998-06-16 | 36.93 | 38.59 | 2.42% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-06-22 | 1998-07-22 | 40.50 | 41.35 | 0.1% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-07-23 | 1998-07-31 | 41.95 | 39.94 | -6.66% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-08-03 | 1998-08-05 | 40.72 | 38.62 | -7.03% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-08-12 | 1998-08-14 | 40.18 | 37.47 | -8.58% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-08-17 | 1998-08-27 | 38.28 | 37.68 | -3.52% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-08-28 | 1998-08-31 | 37.88 | 35.27 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-09-04 | 1998-09-10 | 31.63 | 29.86 | -7.46% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-09-17 | 1998-09-22 | 30.81 | 28.86 | -8.16% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-09-23 | 1998-09-25 | 28.88 | 27.23 | -7.6% | Gap below stop |
| 1998-09-28 | 1998-10-01 | 29.04 | 27.60 | -6.84% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-10-06 | 1998-10-29 | 31.69 | 32.98 | 2.02% | Gap below stop |
| 1998-10-30 | 1998-11-16 | 34.59 | 34.30 | -2.81% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-11-17 | 1998-11-27 | 35.48 | 35.48 | -1.98% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-12-01 | 1998-12-09 | 35.25 | 32.86 | -8.63% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1998-12-21 | 1998-12-31 | 33.14 | 32.89 | -2.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-01-11 | 1999-01-14 | 33.65 | 31.33 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-01-22 | 1999-02-05 | 31.03 | 30.71 | -2.98% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-02-10 | 1999-02-23 | 31.53 | 30.92 | -3.89% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-03-03 | 1999-03-23 | 31.31 | 32.65 | 2.23% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-03-24 | 1999-03-30 | 33.30 | 30.94 | -8.93% | Gap below stop |
| 1999-04-08 | 1999-05-10 | 29.95 | 33.15 | 8.5% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-05-14 | 1999-06-10 | 32.48 | 32.80 | -1% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-06-14 | 1999-06-21 | 32.42 | 30.48 | -7.84% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-07-01 | 1999-07-14 | 31.63 | 30.51 | -5.45% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-07-22 | 1999-07-30 | 32.13 | 29.92 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-08-05 | 1999-08-19 | 30.46 | 28.63 | -7.86% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-08-26 | 1999-09-02 | 31.00 | 29.18 | -7.71% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-09-07 | 1999-09-07 | 29.04 | 27.04 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-09-16 | 1999-09-23 | 27.43 | 25.54 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-09-29 | 1999-09-30 | 25.63 | 23.87 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-10-06 | 1999-10-12 | 24.37 | 24.95 | 0.37% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-10-15 | 1999-12-06 | 25.12 | 32.12 | 25.33% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-12-07 | 1999-12-07 | 31.56 | 29.39 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 1999-12-17 | 2000-01-03 | 29.04 | 28.10 | -5.15% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-01-04 | 2000-01-25 | 28.15 | 31.45 | 9.5% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-01-27 | 2000-01-27 | 31.63 | 29.45 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-02-04 | 2000-02-14 | 27.90 | 26.89 | -5.52% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-02-16 | 2000-02-17 | 27.81 | 25.89 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-02-18 | 2000-02-24 | 26.01 | 24.34 | -8.28% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-03-02 | 2000-03-06 | 25.85 | 24.07 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-03-08 | 2000-03-10 | 23.55 | 22.34 | -7.02% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-03-16 | 2000-03-22 | 24.90 | 23.39 | -7.91% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-03-23 | 2000-04-05 | 23.74 | 24.63 | 1.72% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-04-13 | 2000-04-27 | 23.99 | 23.75 | -2.96% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-05-03 | 2000-05-16 | 23.30 | 25.12 | 5.7% | Gap below stop |
| 2000-05-17 | 2000-06-05 | 24.56 | 25.66 | 2.41% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-06-07 | 2000-06-20 | 26.26 | 26.28 | -1.91% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-06-23 | 2000-06-30 | 28.28 | 28.24 | -2.12% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-07-03 | 2000-07-11 | 29.36 | 27.72 | -7.45% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-07-19 | 2000-08-09 | 29.76 | 29.63 | -2.44% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-08-17 | 2000-08-25 | 30.40 | 28.36 | -8.54% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-08-28 | 2000-08-30 | 28.91 | 26.92 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-08-31 | 2000-09-07 | 27.37 | 26.48 | -5.15% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-09-13 | 2000-09-14 | 27.02 | 25.16 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-09-15 | 2000-09-20 | 25.76 | 24.98 | -4.91% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-09-21 | 2000-10-19 | 25.12 | 27.81 | 8.48% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-10-23 | 2000-11-20 | 27.71 | 29.08 | 2.85% | Gap below stop |
| 2000-11-30 | 2000-12-11 | 31.50 | 29.51 | -8.18% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2000-12-12 | 2000-12-15 | 29.13 | 27.23 | -8.4% | Gap below stop |
| 2001-01-03 | 2001-01-04 | 30.74 | 28.63 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2001-01-18 | 2001-02-15 | 28.94 | 28.60 | -3.13% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2001-02-16 | 2001-02-21 | 29.59 | 27.84 | -7.77% | Gap below stop |
| 2001-03-02 | 2001-03-05 | 26.79 | 24.94 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2001-03-06 | 2001-03-13 | 25.35 | 24.22 | -6.36% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2001-03-14 | 2001-03-21 | 23.99 | 22.88 | -6.52% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2001-03-22 | 2001-03-29 | 23.13 | 21.92 | -7.11% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2001-04-11 | 2001-05-09 | 21.72 | 22.67 | 2.31% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2001-05-10 | 2001-06-05 | 23.20 | 23.08 | -2.49% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2001-06-06 | 2001-06-14 | 23.86 | 22.22 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2001-06-21 | 2001-07-23 | 22.35 | 22.16 | -2.78% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2001-07-24 | 2001-09-21 | 22.49 | 22.77 | -0.77% | Gap below stop |
| 2001-09-26 | 2001-10-03 | 24.19 | 22.52 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2001-10-05 | 2001-11-28 | 22.73 | 23.37 | 0.8% | Gap below stop |
| 2001-12-04 | 2002-01-02 | 23.70 | 22.94 | -5.15% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2002-01-15 | 2002-01-31 | 22.60 | 21.58 | -6.38% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2002-02-06 | 2002-05-28 | 23.13 | 27.11 | 14.87% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2002-06-05 | 2002-07-10 | 27.27 | 26.94 | -3.18% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2002-07-18 | 2002-07-18 | 25.28 | 23.54 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2002-07-22 | 2002-08-06 | 22.82 | 23.56 | 1.21% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2002-08-15 | 2002-08-29 | 26.26 | 24.93 | -6.95% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2002-09-03 | 2002-09-19 | 25.45 | 23.76 | -8.5% | Gap below stop |
| 2002-10-01 | 2002-10-16 | 24.44 | 24.71 | -0.9% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2002-10-30 | 2002-11-08 | 23.33 | 22.03 | -7.44% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2002-11-14 | 2002-12-18 | 23.10 | 21.98 | -6.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2002-12-20 | 2003-01-24 | 22.35 | 21.52 | -5.61% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2003-02-12 | 2003-03-04 | 19.89 | 19.33 | -4.74% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2003-03-13 | 2003-03-31 | 19.48 | 19.87 | -0.04% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2003-04-01 | 2003-04-16 | 20.45 | 20.00 | -4.15% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2003-05-01 | 2003-06-23 | 20.40 | 22.67 | 8.9% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2003-07-01 | 2003-07-08 | 23.36 | 21.86 | -8.25% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2003-07-17 | 2003-09-02 | 22.36 | 21.34 | -6.46% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2003-09-11 | 2003-09-16 | 22.80 | 21.23 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2003-09-24 | 2004-02-24 | 21.99 | 24.64 | 9.82% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2004-03-01 | 2004-03-15 | 25.11 | 23.60 | -7.9% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2004-03-22 | 2004-04-28 | 24.42 | 24.92 | 0.05% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2004-05-03 | 2004-07-19 | 25.58 | 24.79 | -5.01% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2004-07-26 | 2004-07-29 | 22.90 | 21.33 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2004-08-06 | 2004-09-09 | 22.09 | 21.43 | -4.89% | Gap below stop |
| 2004-09-16 | 2004-10-15 | 20.81 | 19.38 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2004-10-18 | 2004-11-30 | 19.75 | 19.47 | -3.36% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2004-12-10 | 2005-03-18 | 20.33 | 20.57 | -0.79% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2005-03-21 | 2005-06-24 | 21.02 | 21.25 | -0.9% | Gap below stop |
| 2005-06-27 | 2005-09-21 | 21.34 | 21.01 | -3.48% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2005-09-27 | 2005-10-13 | 21.36 | 20.33 | -6.7% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2005-10-17 | 2005-12-13 | 21.18 | 20.26 | -6.24% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2005-12-28 | 2006-01-20 | 20.69 | 19.60 | -7.19% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2006-01-23 | 2007-02-27 | 20.20 | 23.03 | 11.74% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2007-02-28 | 2007-08-16 | 23.61 | 26.38 | 9.53% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2007-08-17 | 2008-01-02 | 27.74 | 30.16 | 6.56% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-01-18 | 2008-01-22 | 31.48 | 29.07 | -9.48% | Gap below stop |
| 2008-02-06 | 2008-03-17 | 29.24 | 28.17 | -5.58% | Gap below stop |
| 2008-03-20 | 2008-05-05 | 30.38 | 28.89 | -6.78% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-05-08 | 2008-06-09 | 28.96 | 27.47 | -7.02% | Gap below stop |
| 2008-06-11 | 2008-06-13 | 29.15 | 27.14 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-06-16 | 2008-06-24 | 27.99 | 26.06 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-06-26 | 2008-07-01 | 27.23 | 25.36 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-07-02 | 2008-07-17 | 25.76 | 24.61 | -6.35% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-07-18 | 2008-08-29 | 25.49 | 26.06 | 0.19% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-09-09 | 2008-09-18 | 26.85 | 25.79 | -5.84% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-09-30 | 2008-10-06 | 26.16 | 25.41 | -4.79% | Gap below stop |
| 2008-10-07 | 2008-10-08 | 25.88 | 24.10 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-10-09 | 2008-10-09 | 23.91 | 22.27 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-10-15 | 2008-10-15 | 23.65 | 22.02 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-10-24 | 2008-11-11 | 20.71 | 21.75 | 2.96% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-11-12 | 2008-11-17 | 22.06 | 21.76 | -3.31% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-11-19 | 2008-11-20 | 22.04 | 20.53 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-11-21 | 2008-12-01 | 21.03 | 22.04 | 2.74% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-12-03 | 2008-12-05 | 22.05 | 21.70 | -3.56% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-12-12 | 2008-12-22 | 22.09 | 21.85 | -3.07% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2008-12-31 | 2009-01-12 | 22.80 | 21.58 | -7.19% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2009-01-14 | 2009-01-23 | 21.97 | 20.62 | -8.01% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2009-01-26 | 2009-02-02 | 21.36 | 20.63 | -5.36% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2009-02-05 | 2009-02-10 | 21.32 | 20.48 | -5.85% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2009-02-13 | 2009-02-23 | 22.32 | 20.79 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2009-02-25 | 2009-02-27 | 21.68 | 20.19 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2009-03-02 | 2009-03-05 | 20.34 | 18.94 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2009-03-19 | 2009-04-21 | 21.13 | 21.32 | -1.11% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2009-05-01 | 2009-06-25 | 21.79 | 23.40 | 5.28% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2009-07-01 | 2009-08-12 | 24.48 | 24.00 | -3.92% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2009-08-13 | 2010-01-05 | 24.46 | 27.80 | 11.4% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2010-01-11 | 2010-01-21 | 27.85 | 26.87 | -5.45% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2010-01-28 | 2010-02-25 | 27.63 | 26.29 | -6.72% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2010-02-26 | 2010-05-06 | 26.81 | 26.01 | -4.87% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2010-05-17 | 2010-05-21 | 27.01 | 25.15 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2010-05-26 | 2010-06-29 | 25.67 | 24.81 | -5.28% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2010-07-02 | 2011-01-28 | 25.36 | 30.93 | 19.54% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2011-01-31 | 2011-03-15 | 31.47 | 30.87 | -3.86% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2011-03-29 | 2011-06-13 | 32.93 | 32.19 | -4.16% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2011-06-16 | 2011-08-04 | 32.81 | 32.79 | -2.04% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2011-08-19 | 2011-09-22 | 34.10 | 33.35 | -4.15% | Gap below stop |
| 2011-09-23 | 2011-10-03 | 34.02 | 32.72 | -5.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2011-10-13 | 2011-11-21 | 34.08 | 32.41 | -6.78% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2011-11-29 | 2012-01-13 | 32.91 | 32.99 | -1.74% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2012-01-23 | 2012-05-18 | 34.34 | 36.43 | 3.99% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2012-05-25 | 2012-08-23 | 38.19 | 38.15 | -2.09% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2012-08-29 | 2012-10-23 | 38.43 | 36.34 | -7.31% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2012-11-05 | 2012-12-28 | 37.27 | 35.71 | -6.08% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2012-12-31 | 2013-02-14 | 36.24 | 36.59 | -1.02% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2013-02-15 | 2013-05-30 | 37.31 | 40.53 | 6.47% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2013-06-05 | 2013-06-20 | 41.81 | 38.95 | -8.7% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2013-07-03 | 2013-08-15 | 40.66 | 38.65 | -6.84% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2013-08-22 | 2013-10-02 | 38.78 | 37.23 | -5.9% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2013-10-07 | 2014-01-23 | 37.45 | 38.85 | 1.69% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2014-01-24 | 2014-02-03 | 39.47 | 36.75 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2014-02-07 | 2014-02-20 | 38.55 | 36.61 | -6.91% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2014-03-04 | 2014-07-30 | 38.72 | 39.91 | 1.01% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2014-07-31 | 2014-10-17 | 39.93 | 41.90 | 2.87% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2014-10-20 | 2014-10-21 | 43.18 | 40.39 | -8.3% | Gap below stop |
| 2014-10-22 | 2014-12-09 | 40.59 | 41.73 | 0.76% | Gap below stop |
| 2014-12-15 | 2015-01-29 | 41.57 | 41.18 | -2.92% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2015-02-05 | 2015-03-10 | 42.22 | 40.72 | -5.46% | Gap below stop |
| 2015-03-11 | 2015-06-29 | 41.14 | 39.05 | -6.95% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2015-07-08 | 2015-08-21 | 40.39 | 39.61 | -3.86% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2015-09-02 | 2016-01-07 | 39.42 | 41.23 | 2.52% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2016-01-13 | 2016-04-20 | 42.59 | 44.10 | 1.49% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2016-05-03 | 2016-06-27 | 45.32 | 43.23 | -6.49% | Gap below stop |
| 2016-07-11 | 2016-07-27 | 45.80 | 43.10 | -7.76% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2016-08-12 | 2016-09-14 | 44.35 | 41.61 | -8.04% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2016-09-19 | 2016-11-11 | 42.58 | 40.40 | -6.99% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2016-11-21 | 2017-09-27 | 41.15 | 44.08 | 5.01% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2017-09-28 | 2017-11-30 | 45.12 | 44.61 | -3.09% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2017-12-11 | 2018-02-05 | 45.63 | 45.64 | -1.96% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2018-02-20 | 2018-03-23 | 45.25 | 42.15 | -8.68% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2018-03-29 | 2018-04-25 | 43.98 | 42.21 | -5.92% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2018-05-03 | 2018-08-31 | 42.64 | 43.95 | 1.02% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2018-09-04 | 2018-10-12 | 45.05 | 43.86 | -4.55% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2018-10-19 | 2018-12-18 | 46.28 | 47.50 | 0.62% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2019-01-04 | 2019-02-14 | 47.27 | 46.23 | -4.13% | Gap below stop |
| 2019-03-11 | 2019-08-05 | 45.59 | 51.10 | 9.86% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2019-08-06 | 2019-10-02 | 52.39 | 52.45 | -1.86% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2019-10-09 | 2019-11-07 | 54.60 | 51.52 | -7.51% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2019-11-13 | 2020-02-27 | 52.70 | 56.55 | 5.18% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2020-03-09 | 2020-03-12 | 52.57 | 48.05 | -10.4% | Gap below stop |
| 2020-03-13 | 2020-03-13 | 50.01 | 46.56 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2020-03-18 | 2020-03-18 | 45.19 | 42.08 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2020-04-07 | 2020-04-13 | 48.99 | 46.08 | -7.78% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2020-04-15 | 2020-04-21 | 48.19 | 45.20 | -8.06% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2020-04-22 | 2020-05-04 | 46.51 | 44.32 | -6.6% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2020-05-05 | 2020-05-13 | 45.81 | 43.37 | -7.22% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2020-05-14 | 2020-06-11 | 43.81 | 46.88 | 4.89% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2020-06-12 | 2020-06-24 | 46.67 | 44.19 | -7.18% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2020-06-25 | 2020-09-21 | 44.91 | 48.14 | 5.07% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2020-09-25 | 2020-10-28 | 48.68 | 48.05 | -3.25% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2020-10-29 | 2020-11-30 | 48.21 | 50.77 | 3.23% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2020-12-01 | 2021-01-04 | 52.66 | 51.58 | -4% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2021-01-15 | 2021-09-17 | 49.66 | 54.06 | 6.7% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2021-09-28 | 2021-11-26 | 53.99 | 53.46 | -2.95% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2021-11-29 | 2022-02-24 | 54.59 | 58.82 | 5.61% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2022-03-08 | 2022-03-10 | 62.06 | 57.79 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2022-03-21 | 2022-05-02 | 61.11 | 62.27 | -0.11% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2022-05-03 | 2022-05-18 | 64.36 | 62.04 | -5.52% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2022-06-01 | 2022-06-10 | 64.05 | 59.94 | -8.28% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2022-06-21 | 2022-07-20 | 60.08 | 60.55 | -1.22% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2022-07-22 | 2022-08-31 | 61.99 | 61.34 | -3.01% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2022-09-14 | 2022-09-26 | 61.25 | 57.17 | -8.5% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2022-10-05 | 2023-01-12 | 57.07 | 60.52 | 3.96% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2023-01-27 | 2023-05-24 | 61.45 | 60.47 | -3.53% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2023-05-26 | 2023-08-31 | 61.05 | 59.30 | -4.8% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2023-09-18 | 2023-10-02 | 58.57 | 54.96 | -8.02% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2023-10-03 | 2023-10-05 | 55.71 | 51.88 | -8.73% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2023-10-06 | 2024-04-12 | 52.56 | 57.60 | 7.41% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2024-04-15 | 2024-10-07 | 59.20 | 68.67 | 13.7% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2024-10-16 | 2024-10-23 | 70.79 | 66.33 | -8.16% | Gap below stop |
| 2024-10-30 | 2024-11-13 | 66.17 | 62.00 | -8.15% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2024-11-15 | 2025-01-06 | 63.11 | 60.71 | -5.72% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2025-01-07 | 2025-03-14 | 61.72 | 67.82 | 7.71% | Gap below stop |
| 2025-03-24 | 2025-04-07 | 69.49 | 65.57 | -7.51% | Gap below stop |
| 2025-04-10 | 2025-05-12 | 70.89 | 69.45 | -3.98% | Gap below stop |
| 2025-05-13 | 2025-07-22 | 70.29 | 68.05 | -5.11% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2025-07-30 | 2025-09-08 | 69.80 | 66.54 | -6.56% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2025-09-11 | 2025-12-11 | 68.60 | 68.77 | -1.74% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2025-12-22 | 2026-03-05 | 70.60 | 76.71 | 6.5% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2026-03-10 | 2026-06-04 | 78.25 | 77.05 | -3.49% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2026-06-10 | 2026-06-17 | 83.51 | 78.62 | -7.72% | Fixed / trailing stop |
| 2026-06-18 | 2026-09-21 | 80.67 | 86.52 | 5.13% | Fixed / trailing stop |
Exact rules and methodology
Read the strategy-specific explanation above.
- Signals use completed daily bars; entries and indicator/holding exits execute at the next session open. Indicators warm up using earlier history; no pre-range entry signal is carried in.
- Opening stop/target gaps execute at open. Otherwise a scheduled indicator/holding exit executes at open; within a bar, stop takes priority if both stop and target touch.
- Initial capital $10,000,000.00 USD; one fully allocated fractional position, no pyramiding or leverage. Fees and adverse slippage apply to entry and exit. Buy-and-hold benchmark is always long.
- Open positions are marked at the last close without an assumed final sale fee. Cash interest and dividends are excluded.
Results are calculated on the supplied daily prices. Dividends and cash interest are excluded.
Calculated: 2026-10-02 17:30:12 UTC. Engine: 3.1. Data: KO, 1986-09-26–2026-10-01.
Dataset fingerprint
c14c25855196637ce6b7030ef1919087e459255ee5583a2fdf05968daf0505efRelated backtests
These are separate saved tests. Compare dates and costs before comparing results.
Understand the metrics
What is CAGR?
The equivalent compounded yearly growth across the test’s elapsed calendar dates. It is not the return earned in each year.
What are drawdown and drawdown duration?
Drawdown is the percentage decline from a previous daily equity peak. Longest drawdown duration is the longest observed calendar time from a peak until that equity level is regained, or until the test ends. Underwater sessions count daily closes below the peak and exclude the recovery close. This duration need not belong to the deepest drawdown. “Unrecovered at test end” means the recovery date is unknown.
How is profit factor calculated?
Gross positive dollar profit divided by the absolute sum of negative dollar profit across closed trades, after configured costs. It excludes open positions. Because capital compounds, later trades can have greater dollar weight. Legacy reports without saved dollar P&L use reconstructed amounts from rounded trade returns and are labeled approximate. No losses gives “No losing trades,” not a finite ratio.
What are best/worst trade and losing streak?
Best and worst rank closed trades by percentage return. Longest losing streak counts consecutive closed trades with negative returns; a zero-return or positive trade breaks the streak. These statistics do not forecast future outcomes.
How are holding period and time invested measured?
Holding periods count sessions inclusively, including entry and exit sessions. Time invested is the share of sessions with a position at any point; it does not measure intraday hours. Average winners and losers use closed-trade percentage returns.
Educational historical simulation, not investment advice.